While a 12-month-old may be learning to take her first steps, the ability to control them emerges around 15 months. At 12 months, many babies have mastered moving from seated into prone (6-11 months), using a pincer grasp (10 months), and releasing a small item (around eight months).

An individual with a complete T5 injury will have full motor control of their body from the chest up. Therefore they can use their arms to propel a wheelchair and swallow without difficulty. Answer B is incorrect because with a complete T5 injury, bowel and bladder motor control is lost. It is essential to assess seated balance as this patient will have decreased control of their trunk muscles.

Both the Activity Card Sort and COPM consider a client's roles and activity preference. The COPM, however, transfers the answers into objective data that can be used for treatment planning and tracking progress. The ACLS-5 is an activity-based assessment tool that measures cognitive levels. The MMSE is a quick cognitive screen.

This infant demonstrates a positive labyrinthine (optical righting) reflex. This reflex develops between birth and two months and persists throughout life. Prone tilting is tested in a prone position, and the infant curving their spine indicates the positive response. The forward parachute reflex is also known as protective extension. It occurs when the infant is suddenly tipped forward, extends their arms and neck, and opens their hands. The landau reflex is tested in a suspended prone position and results in extensor tone.

The EHP Model focuses on the interaction between the client and their environment (including social, cultural, and temporal). Answer A is an example of an intervention based on the Cognitive Disabilities frame of reference. A weighted blanket would be an approach used under a sensory model. The Model of Human Occupation focuses on volition in both evaluation and intervention.

The act of reaching for a desktop phone, using it, and replacing it several times a day requires pronation and supination. The therapist should suspect pronator teres syndrome and conduct a Tinel's sign at the forearm to confirm. A positive Tinel's sign at the wrist indicates carpal tunnel, while the positive sign at the elbow indicates cubital tunnel syndrome. A positive Froment's sign (the paper pinch test) indicates an ulnar nerve palsy.

While all of the above options will provide valuable information to the therapist, the OT must determine if the patient with dementia has a support system or caregiver. This information will help guide intervention and carryover safety recommendations.

Performance skills are motor, process, and social actions. Routines are part of performance patterns. Values and muscle tone are client factors.

Drawing representational pictures is a visual motor skill that is a precursor to writing and appropriate for a five-year-old. Holding a pencil involves grasp only; transferring pegs is activity-based and too specific to generalize to other areas; locating pictures involves visual perception.

Given her older age and recent fall, this goal may not be attainable within the time given. The specific activity of toileting provides sufficient context for the goal. Since toileting is an ADL, and even without Carla's complete occupational profile, the goal is relevant to meet Carla's basic needs. The goal measures the amount of assistance that Carla will need to meet it and the accuracy expected.

Regarding safety, this individual needs to generalize skills to different scenarios. The first three options focus on building skills that can transfer to various situations. Creating a detailed list is too rigid and unhelpful when a change occurs.

Tier 2 interventions involve small groups so that children at risk can receive extra targeted support. An intervention at recess with all children in the grade level would be considered a Tier 3 (universal) intervention. Answers C and D are examples of Tier 1 interventions.

This goal is both measurable and activity-based. The other options may be appropriate objectives but are not appropriate goals within the occupational therapy scope of practice.

Heavy work stimulates the proprioceptive system, and scheduled opportunities can help Kevin improve classroom participation. Removal of visual clutter is a strategy for children who are overresponsive to visual input. Physical cues are contraindicated since Kevin is overresponsive to tactile input. Unstructured music time could feel alarming with Kevin's sensory profile.

A manual lightweight wheelchair would be manageable for Mr. Garcia since he most recently used a rolling walker. The ability to propel himself will help maintain his upper body strength. The tilt-in-space and power wheelchair are not indicated and would likely contribute to further muscle degeneration. Option D describes a wheelchair for a bariatric client.

Raynaud's disease is characterized by decreased blood circulation, especially to the hands. Cryotherapy is contraindicated for individuals with Raynaud's disease or other circulation impairments. The other modalities can be used in preparation for activity participation for individuals with Raynaud's disease.

Giving the child pressure input is one tool that could help a child feel calm and safe. The therapist should help the child exit the room during this safety procedure. Therefore, using an area with decreased stimulation would not be helpful. Spinning activates the vestibular system and can add to the child's dysregulation. Offering a transition item is a behavioral strategy.

Passive range of motion could result in increased localized pain and swelling for a patient with CRPS. Active range of motion is preferred. The other options are appropriate interventions for decreasing pain and maintaining engagement in daily activities.

All of the above are correct. Sex is an ADL, and intervention is within the scope of occupational therapy. An occupational therapist should make a referral if the need for medical intervention arises or if further needs arise for a referral to a marriage counselor or specialist.

For every inch of rise, at least 12 inches of the ramp are required. Otherwise, the slope can be too steep for wheelchair users to navigate. The 16-foot ramp meets the 1:12 requirement.

Fear of falling can result in an individual decreasing their mobility, resulting in losing strength and mobility in the musculoskeletal system. Vertigo and presbyopia (decreased visual acuity) can directly lead to falls.

The workstation should be adjusted so that wrists are neutrally positioned. Knees should be at a 90 degree angle and the surface height for typing should not be more than 28 inches when a person is seated. The neck should also be in a neutral position.

The therapist needs to position the client's wrist into a functional position while allowing for both support and strengthening. A C-bar splint maintains the first web space by placing the thumb into opposition. An MCP flexion block splint is used with ulnar nerve injuries such as claw hand deformity. A dorsal protection splint is utilized in flexor tendon injuries.

Bread is considered an advanced food since it requires more chewing than other soft foods. The rest of the food combinations are approved for a level two dysphagia diet.

The round spinning knob is appropriate for individuals who can functionally use one arm. The wheel cuff is an accommodation for drivers who have reduced grasp. A wheel ring is used in conjunction with a prosthesis. Reduced effort steering is appropriate for individuals who do not have the strength or endurance to operate the standard resistance of a steering wheel.

The student should only select activities at or below the patient's MET level. Brushing teeth while standing is considered a MET level 2. The other activities require more energy expenditure and are not appropriate at this rehabilitation stage.

When a client has a cardiac or neurological event that causes them to become unresponsive, the medical team will need to intervene immediately. It is best to call for help and then administer CPR: first with compressions, then clearing the airway, and then providing air.

Research must be approved by an IRB, disclose any potential risks, and give participants informed consent. Other requirements for conducting ethical research include voluntary participation, full disclosure of the study purpose, and confidentiality.

Since a COTA operates under supervision of an OT, the supervising OT must cosign COTA documentation. The other items are all required under a medical model.

C. diff spreads by contact, and therefore a gown and gloves are required. Anyone who enters the isolation room will need to wear a gown and gloves and should discard the used PPE in the room to prevent spread. Only approved anti-microbial cleaners should be used for disinfecting the patient's room.